Bluebook Legal Referencing †Citing Federal Statutes

Bluebook Legal Referencing – Citing Federal Statutes Bluebook Legal Referencing – Citing Federal Statutes The Bluebook sets out uniform conventions for referencing legal documents, so anyone studying US law will want to be familiar with this system. We’ve previously looked at citing cases, so today we’ll move on to using Bluebook referencing to cite federal statutes. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation Citing Federal Statutes Citing a federal statute typically involves referring to the United States Code (commonly abbreviated to â€Å"U.S.C.†), with the basic format for a statutory citation as follows: Title Code Abbreviation Section ( §) (Date) 14 U.S.C.  §37a (2012) Citations of this kind should be inserted into the text (or in a footnote) immediately after the relevant passage, using an appropriate signal if necessary. The rest of this post will examine each of these elements in more detail. Title Number The â€Å"title† of a federal statute is typically reduced to just the title number of the relevant section in the United States Code. In addition to this, you should provide the official name of the statute if: You’re citing the entire act as it appears in the United States Code; It is conventional to cite that particular statute in full, or; Providing the full name will aid identification of the material cited. For example, the Copyright Act of 1976 (title number 17 in the United States Code) could be cited in whole as: Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C.  Ã‚ §Ã‚ § 101-1332 (2012) Code Abbreviation The code abbreviation indicates  the jurisdiction under which a statute has been implemented. State statutes require you to know the code of the state in question, but if you’re citing a federal statute the main code you’ll need is â€Å"U.S.C.† (short for â€Å"United States Code†). However, if you’re citing a statute that hasn’t yet been published in the U.S.C., you can also cite the United States Code Annotated (U.S.C.A.) or the United States Code Service (U.S.C.S.). Section Number This is simply a number to show the section you’re citing, indicated using the section symbol ( §) and the relevant number. If citing more than one section, use â€Å" §Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬  and the complete range of sections being cited (e.g.,  §Ã‚ § 101-1332). Date of Code Edition The date given in brackets in a Bluebook citation refers to the year the copy of the code you’re using was published. You’ll therefore need to check your edition of the U.S.C. when citing a federal statute. You should also include the publisher alongside the year of publication if citing either the U.S.C.A. or U.S.C.S. As such, a citation of the LexisNexis-published version of the code would look like this: 14 U.S.C.S  §37a (LexisNexis 2012)

Central Michigan University Admissions Requirements

Central Michigan University Admissions Requirements Central Michigan University is a generally accessible school, admitting over two-thirds of those who apply each year. As part of the application process, prospective students should submit scores from either the ACT or SAT. In addition, students should submit a completed application, high school transcripts, and an application fee. Students are encouraged to visit the campus, and to schedule an interview with an admissions counselor. Central Michigans website has more information, and interested students are welcome to ask any questions they have about the schools admissions process. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016) Central Michigan University Acceptance Rate: 72%GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for CMU AdmissionsTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 450  / 570SAT Math: 440 / 570SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanMichigan public university SAT score comparisonMid-American SAT comparisonACT Composite: 20 / 25ACT English: 20 / 25ACT Math: 18 / 25What these ACT numbers meanMichigan public university ACT score comparisonMid-American ACT comparison Central Michigan University Description Central Michigan University, located in Mount Pleasant, is the fourth largest of  Michigans 15 public universities. Central Michigan has many notable academic features including undergraduate programs in microscopy and meteorology, the largest leisure studies program in the country, and the first accredited athletic training program in the U.S. Popular undergraduate majors include business, education, exercise science, and communications. The university is moderately selective with an average 3.3 GPA among matriculated students. CMU has a 21 to 1  student / faculty ratio. In athletics, the Central Michigan Chippewas compete in the NCAA Division I  Mid-American Conference  (MAC). Popular sports include football, basketball, field hockey, soccer, and track and field. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 25,986  (19,877 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 43% Male / 57% Female86% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17) Tuition and Fees: $12,150 (in-state); $23,670 (out-of-state)Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,406Other Expenses: $938Total Cost: $23,494 (in-state); $35,014 (out-of-state) Central Michigan University Financial Aid (2015- 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 95%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 81%Loans: 82%Average Amount of AidGrants: $8,544Loans: $6,109 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Community Organization, Education, Entrepreneurship, Finance, Kinesiology, Marketing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 78%4-Year Graduation Rate: 22%6-Year Graduation Rate: 57% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Track and Field, Basketball, Baseball, Wrestling, Football, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Gymnastics, Softball, Soccer, Volleyball, Track and Field, Basketball, Field Hockey, Cross Country Data Source National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like CMU, You May Also Like These Schools Michigan State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphOakland University: Profile  Albion College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDelta College: Profile  Grand Valley State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Toledo: Profile  Northern Michigan University: Profile  Alma College: Profile  Ferris State University: Profile  Eastern Michigan University: Profile  Lake Superior State University: Profile

Crime prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crime prevention - Essay Example Today in the world there is an increasing debate on the topic of firearms regulation. Different states in the United States of America have allowed people to carry their own weapons for self protection. This law was adopted first by the state of Florida and many people believed that this law would lead to disastrous effects.But it did not have a negative impact as many had thought and many states then followed in implementation of this law. It came to be realized with time that carrying firearms had a positive effect on the crime prevention. There are many reasons to this effect. The crime committers have a fear that they will be counter attacked hence this leads to a decrease in the crime rate. There is a second thought to this as well. People believe that this can lead to an increase in crimes because even normal people under pressure might be subject to committing crimes and due to the easy availability of weapons they would more easily be able to commit crimes. Carrying of firear ms thus has both effects. It increases the crime rate as well but it has a greater effect in decreasing the crime rate. People choose to carry weapons as a crime prevention method so as to increase their quality and standard of life. It provides them with security and it opens for them a path which makes them self dependant. They can themselves take care of their life and property and save themselves from different criminals. Carrying of firearms is very essential for people because at times when there is no police in sight and people need greater protection and safety these weapons are their sole helpers which provide them with a greater security where they can protect them by themselves. People also consider it important to keep firearms at their house because this helps them to guard themselves against robberies. Weapons to people act as tools and these laws which empower people to carry weapons actually help in decreasing crime rate. But then it has negative impact as well. Open allowance of carrying weapons can lead to deaths without any reason that is if the gun gets fired unintentionally this may lead to the death of the person himself or of others who are along with the person. But in the end it can be said that despite of the negative impact the carrying of firearms has it still has greater benefits and it is essential for one to carry weapons with him for self protection (Worsnop 1994). 2. Discuss the fundamental concepts of community crime prevention, providing specific examples of such programs. How did it arise Who participates and why Provide characteristics and demographics. Community Crime Prevention is a department of major concern to the authorities these days. Social Crime Prevention these days is handled by the authorities efficiently and professionally. New strategies are being implemented to involve the community towards the betterment of the criminal activities in the society. This involvement of the community can not only help the individuals living in the community to realize their duty but also help to decrease the rate of criminal activities occurring in a certain area. Different strategies formulated by the authorities urge the communities to work towards the betterment of the society. The community plays a major role in limiting the criminal activities in the area. The community works in cohesion with the authority to avoid the crimes. The authority gives specific instructions to the community members which are to be followed by them to lessen the criminal activities. These instructions include the installation of Closed Circuit Televisio n Cameras, the structure in which the house is built and the cohesion of the community. The community acts together to improve the situation in a society. It acts to

Role of Advance Practice Nurse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Role of Advance Practice Nurse - Research Paper Example According to the paper the ANP should use his advanced level of education to advice and counsel the public on healthy living habits. Hamric, Spross and Hanson suggest that he or she should also assist middle level nurses in solving serious medical anomalies. ANPs are allowed to use their advanced medical knowledge for medical diagnosis and prescription. The administrative roles of ANPs include monitoring and mentoring junior medical staff and managing specialty medical sections according to Hamric, Spross and Hanson . ANPs should engage in research in their various specialty areas to realise and improve treatment methods and medical practices. An Advanced Nurse Educator (ANE) is a nursing instructor that is responsible for educating nursing students and they are mainly based in universities, colleges and medical research facilities. Furlong and Smith assert that the main role of ANEs in clinical practice is to implement the most effective medical research and care standards into the nursing profession. The role of ANES in primary care is to impart high standard skills and knowledge to nursing students to ensure they practice primary care effectively.

Feminism And Gender Equality In The 1990s :: essays papers

Feminism And Gender Equality In The 1990's Overall, the rights and status of women have improved considerably in the last century; however, gender equality has recently been threatened within the last decade. Blatantly sexist laws and practices are slowly being eliminated while social perceptions of "women's roles" continue to stagnate and even degrade back to traditional ideals. It is these social perceptions that challenge the evolution of women as equal on all levels. In this study, I will argue that subtle and blatant sexism continues to exist throughout educational, economic, professional and legal arenas. Women who carefully follow their expected roles may never recognize sexism as an oppressive force in their life. I find many parallels between women's experiences in the nineties with Betty Friedan's, in her essay: The Way We Were - 1949. She dealt with a society that expected women to fulfill certain roles. Those roles completely disregarded the needs of educated and motivated business women and scientific women. Actually, the subtle message that society gave was that the educated woman was actually selfish and evil. I remember in particular the searing effect on me, who once intended to be a psychologist, of a story in McCall's in December 1949 called "A Weekend with Daddy." A little girl who lives a lonely life with her mother, divorced, an intellectual know-it-all psychologist, goes to the country to spend a weekend with her father and his new wife, who is wholesome, happy, and a good cook and gardener. And there is love and laughter and growing flowers and hot clams and a gourmet cheese omelet and square dancing, and she doesn't want to go home. But, pitying her poor mother typing away all by herself in the lonesome apartment, she keeps her guilty secret that from now on she will be living for the moments when she can escape to that dream home in the country where they know "what life is all about." (See Endnote #1) I have often consulted my grandparents about their experiences, and I find their historical perspective enlightening. My grandmother was pregnant with her third child in 1949. Her work experience included: interior design and modeling women's clothes for the Sears catalog. I asked her to read the Friedan essay and let me know if she felt as moved as I was, and to share with me her experiences of sexism. Her immediate reaction

Existentialist traits in works of Henrik Ibsen Essay

Existentialism is a major twentieth century continental European philosophical movement. The label was inspired by the tendency of some of the writers like Kierkegaard, Heidegger , Sartre and Nietzsche to use the term â€Å"existence† for a kind of being or life unique, in their view, to human beings. Only in the case of human beings is the conduct of their life an â€Å"issue† for them; only they can â€Å"stand out† – exstare, the Latin word from which â€Å"exist† comes – from their lives and reflect upon them; and only they have the capacity freely to shape their lives. Though Existentialism can appear in a number of different forms, the focal point as Jean Paul Sartre puts it is â€Å"existence precedes essence†. The existentialists are of the view that as there is not pre-determined course of human life, they are only what they make themselves. This gives human beings a freedom to choose. Human beings have to make choices or are rather â€Å"condemned † to make choices and bear their consequences. Every act is conscious and so all the responsibility falls on their shoulders with no one to rely on and thus give rise to feelings of despair and anxiety. All of which had been sensitively explored earlier in the century by such literary figures as Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936) and Franz Kafka (1883-1924) and can seen to be already an abiding concern in the works of Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906). The Norwegian playwright, Henrik Ibsen a was an advocator of individualism and was against the social norms which shape the lives of human beings. His characters live themselves out in the spirit of reckless and vehement self-assertion – superman and superwomen. Ibsen was a believer in freedom to will. Many of his characters can be seen in this light who reject to be shaped by some force outside their own will. In his famous and controversial play â€Å"A Doll’s House† the character of Nora sheds the cloak of â€Å"being-for-others† and set out in a search for being-for-self. She says in the end â€Å"we both must be perfectly free†. As Nietzsche’s ideal of human personality combined the virtues of the warrior and the independent thinker and it preferred the difficult life to that of an easy one , in similar way Nora has to leave her shelter and get out in  the open to find her self and think of what she is.Helmer on the other hand can be see as a victim of â€Å"bad faith† who goes on to follow himself identifying too completely and mechanically with a fixed role that absolves him from having to face up to decisions and surrenders to the role which society has coined for him letting the norms dictate him. Ibsen shows the struggle and â€Å"nothingness† of life in his verse play â€Å"Peer Gynt†. The play echo’s many of the characteristics of existentialism. Peer Gynt ,the protagonist of the play , starts out as a highly imaginative, irresponsible youth to find himself only to know in the end that he has no self. He often misquotes proverbs or scripture to justify his actions. The play poses many questions , religious and social , as to how far a man is free to make choices and what kind of choices he has ? The play also asks the pivotal question that what is a man expected to do with is life? There are many instances in the play where Peer has to make a choice . Early on he has to decide whether to become a true man or become a Troll and the end shows the consequences he bears for this choice. Peer moves in a world which is full of uncertainties and he is burdened with the responsibility of shaping his life without anything to hang on to, a lamentation so often cried out by the existentialist playwrights and philosophers. Peer, all through the play is baffled with the choices that he has to make . After he has escapes from the Troll’s Kingdom he says: â€Å"Go in after this? So befouled and disgraced? Go in with that troll-rabble after me still? Speak, yet be silent; confess, yet conceal – â€Å" The stage instructions shows several times his reluctance in moving forward , and small actions mark the important decisions in his life. In the first act when he has to go to the wedding of Ingrid, the girl he had formerly detested , their a series of step taken forward and backward [PEER GYNT comes along a footpath, goes quickly up to the fence, stops, an looks out over the stretch of country below] †¦ [Puts one leg over the fence; then hesitates.] †¦ [Draws back his leg.] By making the choices which he has to make , Peer not only takes the responsibility of his own life but shapes others destinies too. Solveig, the girl who loves him truly, comes to him leaving all that belonged to her and thus she makes her choice , not aware of its consequences. SOLVEIG: The path I have trodden leads back nevermore After he leaves the Troll princes and comes back to Solveig , his true love , and thinks that his life is free from worries , the Troll princes comes to see him. He is again caught in a fix and has to chose between the two , he is now a father and has to bear the consequences of the deeds which he performed earlier in his life. And he has to bear it alone . George Luckas in â€Å"Myth of Nothingness† says: â€Å"The emptiness and hollowness of human life which Sartre calls â€Å"nothingness† is also portrayed in a striking scene in Peer Gynt by Ibsen. The aging Peer Gynt is peeling off the layers of an onion, and playfully compares the single layers with the periods of his life, hoping at the end to come to the core of the onion and the core of his own personality. But layer follows layer, period after period of life; and no core is found.†(1) Jean Paul Sartre’s â€Å"nothingness† also echo’s in the nothingness of Peer Gynt’s life. While talking to the sphinx, he is told that his name means â€Å"The Unknown†. The word â€Å"nothing† occurs twenty-eight times during the course of the play. Peer Gynt is asked several times during the course of the play about the reality of his â€Å"Gyntish-Self † and at one of the points he replies: † the Gyntish Self–it is the host of wishes, appetites, desires,– the Gyntish Self, it is the sea of fancies, exigencies, claims, all that, in short, makes my breast heave, and whereby I, as I, exist.† In fourth act of the play , when he visit Gezih, a village near Cairo, he is asked about his identity and he replies PEER [modestly] † I’ve always endeavoured to be Myself† All his pride comes to an end when he is confronted with the final moment of his life. His meeting with the Button-moulder revleas on him that he has not identity what soever and so he has to be melted down and made into something useful.the fact that he has essentially no identity of his own and is as useless as a button without a loop. â€Å"THE BUTTON-MOULDER Yourself you never have been at all;– then what does it matter, your dying right out? PEER Have I not been–? I could almost laugh! Peer Gynt, then, has been something else, I suppose! No, Button-moulder, you judge in the dark. If you could but look into my very reins, you’d find only Peer there, and Peer all through,– nothing else in the world, no, nor anything more.† Brian Johnston states: Peer finds himself confronting what Jean Paul Sartre stated was the essence of the existential condition: Not only is man what he conceives himself to be, but he is only what he wills himself to be after this first thrust towards existence.Man in nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism [5] This is the dilemma that Peer confronts in his encounter with the Button Molder, when he is brought up against the realization that he may have no authentic identity at all.(2) Peer has to face the disappointment of his life long struggle when he is confronted with the nothingness of his life and he utters his despair in following words in the play â€Å"So unspeakably poor, then, a soul can go back to nothingness, into the grey of the mist.† Henrik Ibsens plays depict characters like Hedvig, Hedda ,Nora,Peer and Brand show the problems of human beings who do not want to be defined and want to â€Å"stand out†. Citations: 1. Lukà ¡cs, Georg; translated from the German by Henry F. Mins. â€Å"Existentialism†, in: Philosophy for the Future: The Quest of Modern Materialism, edited by Roy Wood Sellars, V.J. McGill, Marvin Farber (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949) 2. Brain Johnston , â€Å"Love’s Comedy and Peer Gynt† Retrieved : 23th Feburaruy 2004 http://www.ibsenvoyages.com

The Prostitute In Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment,...

The Prostitute In Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment, Notes from Underground, and The Meek One The prostitute is a curious fixture of Victorian era literature. In the works of William Thackeray and Samuel Richardson it was almost clichà © for the heroine to end up in a house of prostitution and then to transcend that situation in a show of proper Victorian morals. Having seen many young women forced by extreme poverty to take up the trade of a loose woman, Fyodor Dostoevsky, a petit-bourgeois fallen on hard times himself, took a rather different approach to the whole issue; he recognized that these women were not utterly without merit as so many people of the time thought. Georg Brandes spoke accurately when he said, Dostoevsky preaches†¦show more content†¦Yet this connection would be for naught if not for the virtue of Sonia. When he confesses his heinous crime to her, she weeps in sorrow for him and begs him to save himself by confessing. Dostoevskys point here is that by setting himself anathema from society and God, Raskolnikov is destroying his own spirit. He i s not allowing himself to function as he was made to function, and a house divided against itself cannot stand. Just so, Raskolnikov cannot survive as a man in a world turned about and disrupted beyond recognition by his act of violence and societal dissent. Providence is strikingly illustrated here: Raskolnikov cannot survive without Sonias aid, but neither could Sonia have been redeemed if Raskolnikov had not come along in need of redemption himself; she would have continued on the road to perdition from which her charitable impulses tore her. What is Dostoevsky illustrating here? He is showing us the cruelty of inner struggle and the fact that this struggle can only be won through the power of grace and redemption. Sonia struggles with the fact that she is indeed a house divided. On one hand she is the epitome of wisdom and holiness, and on the other she is the base tool of mens lust. This flagrant contradiction cannot stand; Sonia must choose one path or the other. Raskolnikov also demonstrates this inherent contradiction: he is both pure good and pure evil. This mà ©lange of sin and sadism, of purity and